In the chirological tradition, astrally or divinely marked hands were signs of internal states, but in the 19th century there were practitioners who deployed a secular causal idiom. The shape and markings of the hand must have something to do with parental legacies, but so too did a person’s way of life, which tracked back to their inner mental and emotional make-up. ‘As certain habits and characteristics produce certain developments of bone and muscle,’ one Victorian chirologist wrote, ‘so from the appearance of those developments in a hand may the habits and characteristics of a subject be unmistakably inferred.’ The hand then appeared as an ‘index of character’, and a natural history of the hand might take the place of natal influences from the gods and the stars. George Orwell wrote that at fifty ‘everyone has the face he deserves’ – that is, physically formed through an interplay of experience and innate endowment – and the same sort of thing could be said about the hand. Into the 20th century, physicians and scientists worked to find out when the main palmar lines were laid down and which natural processes caused them (in the foetus, by about twelve weeks, through flexion), whether they changed during a lifetime (a bit) and (as it turned out, crucially) whether the pattern of an individual’s hand was unique.
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